Understanding Your CBT Certificate and Licence
Completing your Compulsory Basic Training (CBT) is the mandatory first step for anyone in the UK wishing to ride a motorcycle or moped on public roads. It’s not a full licence, but a certificate of competence that permits you to ride certain types of two-wheeled vehicles under specific conditions. Understanding what this certificate allows is crucial for new riders.
Essentially, a CBT certificate validates that you've received training on basic riding skills, road awareness, and safety. Once you have this, you are permitted to ride a motorcycle or moped up to a certain power output. However, it's important to note that a CBT alone is not a full motorcycle licence; it has limitations, particularly concerning engine size, power, and the duration it remains valid.
The primary restriction imposed by a CBT is the engine size and power output of the machine you can operate. Without passing a further practical motorcycle test, your CBT certificate restricts you to riding specific categories of motorcycles. These are generally lighter, less powerful machines, designed for learners and those who may only need a two-wheeler for short commutes or urban travel. It's a stepping stone, not the final destination for aspiring riders who wish to move onto larger, more powerful bikes.
The key takeaway from your CBT is the immediate permission to ride certain motorcycles.
What Does a CBT Certificate Entitle You To Ride?
After successfully completing your CBT, you can ride any moped or motorcycle up to 125cc engine capacity, provided it is no more powerful than 11 kilowatts (kW) – that's approximately 14.7 brake horsepower (bhp). This power output limit is a critical figure to remember, as it applies to both mopeds and motorcycles. You will often see these vehicles displayed with 'learner legal' stickers, indicating they fall within these permitted specifications.
This means you can legally ride:
- Mopeds: Typically defined as two-wheeled vehicles with an engine capacity not exceeding 50cc and a maximum speed of 28mph (45 km/h). If you have a CBT, you can ride these.
- Motorcycles: Up to 125cc engine size and a maximum power output of 11kW (14.7 bhp). This is the most common category for riders who have just passed their CBT and are looking for a first machine.
It is vital to check the specific power output (kW) and engine size (cc) of any motorcycle you intend to ride. Many 125cc bikes hover around the 11kW limit, but some may exceed it. Riding a bike that is too powerful will invalidate your insurance and potentially lead to prosecution, even if it's within the 125cc engine size category.
Furthermore, a CBT certificate is only valid for two years. After this period, you must either take another CBT or pass your full motorcycle test (either A1, A2, or A licence tests) to continue riding legally.
Double-check the power output (kW) of any 125cc motorcycle. Some exceed the 11kW limit, making them illegal to ride on a CBT alone.
Understanding Licence Categories and Power Limits
The world of motorcycle licensing in the UK is structured around categories that dictate what you can ride, based on your age and the tests you've passed. Your CBT is the entry point, but understanding how it fits into the broader licensing framework is key to knowing your options and future progression.
The principal categories relevant to new riders after their CBT are AM, A1, and A2, each with distinct restrictions. Your CBT certificate effectively allows you to ride vehicles that would typically fall under the AM licence category (for mopeds) and the lower end of the A1 licence category (for 125cc motorcycles), but only up to the 11kW power limit. This distinction is crucial for avoiding confusion.
The 11kW power limit is the absolute maximum for a CBT-only rider.
The AM Licence Category (Mopeds)
The AM licence category is for mopeds. To be classified as an AM category moped, a two-wheeled vehicle must have an engine capacity not exceeding 50cc and be capable of no more than 28mph (45 km/h). If you are 16 or over and hold a valid CBT certificate, you can ride a moped in this category. This is often the first vehicle for younger riders or those seeking very basic, low-speed transport.
The A1 Licence Category (125cc Motorcycles)
The A1 licence category is for motorcycles with an engine capacity not exceeding 125cc and a maximum power output of 11kW (approximately 14.7 bhp). If you are 17 or over and have completed your CBT, you can ride motorcycles in this category. This is where most people find themselves after their CBT, looking for a capable 125cc bike for commuting or leisure.
It's important to remember that while your CBT allows you to ride these bikes, it doesn't grant you the full privileges of an A1 licence. For instance, A1 licence holders can carry a passenger, whereas a rider with only a CBT certificate cannot carry a pillion passenger unless they are on a sidecar outfit.
Beyond the CBT: A2 and A Licences
If you wish to ride more powerful motorcycles, you will need to progress to the A2 licence or the full A licence. The A2 licence allows you to ride motorcycles with a power output of up to 35kW (approximately 47 bhp), and the full A licence permits you to ride any motorcycle. These require passing further, more advanced tests. Your CBT is a prerequisite for taking these tests, but it doesn't grant access to bikes in these categories on its own.
The journey after CBT typically involves deciding whether to stick with learner-legal bikes, take a test for the A1 licence, or prepare for the A2 licence as you gain experience and age.
- CBT allows mopeds (AM) and 125cc bikes (A1) up to 11kW.
- Riders with only CBT cannot carry passengers.
- A2 licence is for bikes up to 35kW.
- Full A licence is for any motorcycle.
- CBT is needed before taking A1, A2, or A tests.
What Specific Bikes Are Suitable After CBT?
Once you've passed your CBT, the world of 125cc motorcycles and mopeds opens up, offering a range of practical and enjoyable machines. The key is to identify models that fit within the 11kW (14.7 bhp) power limit and your personal needs, whether that's commuting, learning, or simply enjoying the ride.
The 125cc segment is incredibly diverse, catering to various tastes and budgets. You'll find everything from sporty-looking naked bikes and faired sportbikes to practical scooters and classic-styled roadsters. When choosing, consider not just the power but also factors like fuel efficiency, comfort, reliability, and the availability of parts and servicing.
Focus on the kW figure when selecting your first bike.
Popular Choices for CBT Riders
Many manufacturers produce excellent learner-legal motorcycles and scooters that are perfect for those who have just completed their CBT. Here are some types of bikes you'll commonly find:
- Naked Motorcycles: These are stripped-down bikes offering a comfortable riding position and good all-round performance. Brands like Yamaha (e.g., MT-125), KTM (e.g., 125 Duke), and Honda (e.g., CB125R) offer popular models that are learner-legal if they meet the power restrictions.
- Sportbikes: For those who prefer a more aggressive, sporty look, faired 125cc sportbikes are available. Examples include the Yamaha YZF-R125, Aprilia RS 125, and Suzuki GSX-R125, all designed to look like their larger siblings while adhering to power limits.
- Cruisers/Retro Styles: If a relaxed riding style is more your preference, brands like Keeway, Sinnis, and Lexmoto offer retro-styled or cruiser-type 125cc motorcycles that are generally well within the power limits and provide a comfortable, classic aesthetic.
- Scooters: Scooters are exceptionally practical for urban environments, offering automatic transmission, under-seat storage, and weather protection. Popular 125cc scooters from Honda (e.g., PCX125, SH125i), Yamaha (e.g., NMAX 125), and Kymco are widely available and ideal for commuting.
Important Considerations When Buying
When looking at specific models, always verify the maximum power output in kilowatts (kW). Some 125cc bikes, particularly those geared towards sportier performance, can exceed the 11kW limit. Always check the technical specifications on the manufacturer's website or the bike's V5C logbook. Also, consider the seat height, weight, and overall ergonomics to ensure the bike is a good fit for your physical stature and riding confidence.
Buying a used motorcycle is a common and cost-effective option for CBT riders. However, ensure the bike has been well-maintained and check its service history. A pre-purchase inspection by a qualified mechanic is always a wise investment to avoid future costly repairs.
Remember, while your CBT allows you to ride these bikes for two years, you cannot carry a passenger on a motorcycle or scooter unless it is a sidecar outfit. This restriction is lifted once you pass your full motorcycle test.
Mopeds vs. Motorcycles: What's the Difference for CBT Riders?
The terms 'moped' and 'motorcycle' can sometimes be used interchangeably, but for legal and practical purposes, especially concerning your CBT certificate, they represent distinct categories with different capabilities and restrictions. Understanding these differences is vital for choosing the right vehicle and ensuring you remain legal on the road.
The primary distinction lies in engine capacity, maximum speed, and how they are classified under UK law. While your CBT certificate permits you to ride both, the specific types of mopeds and motorcycles you can operate are defined by these legal classifications and the power limits already discussed.
The 11kW power limit is the most significant factor for 125cc motorcycles.
Mopeds: The AM Category
Legally, a moped in the UK is defined as a two-wheeled vehicle with an engine capacity not exceeding 50cc. Crucially, it must also be designed to travel at a maximum speed of no more than 28mph (45 km/h). These vehicles are typically automatic and are ideal for short, low-speed urban journeys.
If you are 16 years old and have completed your CBT, you are legally permitted to ride a moped that falls into this category. They are generally more affordable to buy and run, often more fuel-efficient, and easier to manoeuvre in congested areas. Their lower top speed means they are best suited for local travel where traffic speeds are also low.
Motorcycles: The 125cc Limit
Motorcycles, for the purpose of a CBT rider, are generally understood to be any two-wheeled motor vehicle that is not a moped, up to a maximum engine capacity of 125cc and a maximum power output of 11kW (14.7 bhp). If you are 17 years old or over and have completed your CBT, you can ride these machines.
These 125cc motorcycles offer more performance than mopeds. They can typically reach higher speeds (often around 60-70 mph, depending on the model), have manual gearboxes (though automatic options exist), and are more capable for longer distances or faster roads, within the limits of learner-legal vehicles. They provide a more 'traditional' motorcycle riding experience.
Key Differences in Practice
The practical differences for a CBT rider are:
- Age: You can ride a moped from age 16 with a CBT; you must be 17 for a 125cc motorcycle with a CBT.
- Speed: Mopeds are limited to 28mph, whereas 125cc motorcycles can go faster.
- Engine Size: Mopeds are 50cc or less; motorcycles are up to 125cc.
- Performance: Motorcycles offer significantly better acceleration and top speed than mopeds.
- Riding Experience: Motorcycles often involve manual gears, offering a more engaging ride.
When choosing between a moped and a 125cc motorcycle, consider your age, where you intend to ride (urban vs. mixed roads), and the speed of the traffic you'll be mixing with. Both are legal options with a CBT, but they serve different commuting and riding needs.
Can I Carry a Passenger on a CBT?
A common question for new riders is whether they can take a passenger (a pillion) on their motorcycle or moped after completing their Compulsory Basic Training (CBT). The rules regarding passengers are quite strict for those riding on a CBT certificate alone, and it's crucial to understand them to avoid legal trouble and ensure safety.
The general rule is that if you hold a CBT certificate and do not possess a full motorcycle licence (such as an A1, A2, or A licence), you are not permitted to carry a passenger on a two-wheeled motorcycle or scooter. This restriction applies even if the bike is well within the learner-legal limits of 125cc and 11kW.
Only a full licence holder can legally carry a pillion passenger.
Why the Restriction?
The restriction on carrying passengers is primarily a safety measure. Riding with a pillion significantly alters the handling dynamics of a motorcycle or scooter. The added weight affects braking distances, acceleration, and stability, especially when cornering or maneuvering. A rider with only a CBT certificate is still developing their skills and may not have the experience or advanced control needed to safely manage a machine with a passenger.
Carrying a passenger on a motorcycle or scooter without the appropriate licence entitlement is a serious offence. It can lead to penalty points on your licence, fines, and importantly, it will invalidate your insurance. If you are involved in an accident while carrying a passenger illegally, you could face severe consequences.
Are There Any Exceptions?
The only exception to this rule for a CBT certificate holder is if the vehicle is a motorcycle combination with a sidecar. If you are riding a motorcycle with a sidecar attached, and the motorcycle itself is learner-legal (i.e., up to 125cc and 11kW), you are permitted to carry a passenger in the sidecar. This is because a sidecar rig is inherently more stable than a standard two-wheeled motorcycle or scooter.
However, finding a 125cc sidecar outfit is rare, and they are not common on the market. For the vast majority of CBT riders, the rule is simple: no passengers on a standard motorcycle or scooter.
Moving Towards Carrying Passengers
If carrying a passenger is important to you, your path forward is clear: you must pass a full motorcycle test. Once you hold an A1, A2, or A licence, you will be permitted to carry a pillion passenger on a motorcycle appropriate for your licence category. The A1 licence allows passengers on 125cc bikes, the A2 licence on restricted-power bikes, and the full A licence on any motorcycle.
Until you achieve that, focus on honing your riding skills and enjoying the freedom that your CBT certificate provides on your own.
CBT Validity and Next Steps
Your Compulsory Basic Training (CBT) certificate is a critical document, but it's not a permanent licence. It has a limited validity period, and understanding this is key to planning your riding future. Once it expires, you can no longer ride a motorcycle or moped on public roads without undertaking further training or testing.
A standard CBT certificate is valid for two years from the date it is issued. This means that for two years, you can ride a moped (if you are 16 or over) or a motorcycle up to 125cc and 11kW (if you are 17 or over), provided you display L-plates and do not carry a passenger.
Your CBT expires after two years.
What Happens When Your CBT Expires?
If your CBT certificate is due to expire and you wish to continue riding, you have two main options:
- Renew Your CBT: You can take another CBT course. This will issue you with a new certificate valid for another two years. This is a popular choice for riders who are happy with learner-legal bikes and do not wish to take a full motorcycle test.
- Take a Full Motorcycle Test: This is the path to obtaining a full motorcycle licence. Depending on your age and aspirations, you can aim for an A1, A2, or full A licence. Passing the relevant practical tests will grant you a licence that allows you to ride larger, more powerful motorcycles and often remove other restrictions like L-plates and passenger bans.
Progression Routes: A1, A2, and A Licences
The choice of licence you pursue depends on your age and the type of motorcycle you eventually want to ride:
- A1 Licence: For 17-year-olds and above. Allows you to ride motorcycles up to 125cc with a maximum power of 11kW (14.7 bhp). You can carry a passenger and do not need L-plates. This requires passing two practical tests.
- A2 Licence: For 19-year-olds and above. Allows you to ride motorcycles with a power output of up to 35kW (47 bhp). This also requires passing two practical tests, which are typically more advanced than the A1 tests.
- A Licence (Full Licence): For 24-year-olds and above (or 21 if you hold an A2 licence for two years and pass a direct access test). Allows you to ride any motorcycle without restriction. This also involves passing two practical tests.
The motorcycle you ride on your CBT must be learner-legal, meaning it should not exceed 125cc and 11kW. If you intend to take your A1 test, you will need to train on and take the test on a motorcycle of at least 120cc and capable of producing at least 11kW, but not more than 125cc and 11kW.
For the A2 and A tests, you will train and test on progressively larger and more powerful machines appropriate for those categories. Your CBT is a prerequisite for all these tests, and the certificate must be valid when you take them.
Plan ahead for your CBT expiry. Decide whether to renew or pursue a full licence to avoid any gaps in your ability to ride.
Safety First: L-Plates and Other Requirements
Riding on a CBT certificate comes with specific requirements beyond just the type of motorcycle you can use. These are designed to ensure that other road users are aware of your experience level and to reinforce safe riding practices. Adhering to these rules is as important as understanding the bike restrictions.
The most visible requirement for anyone riding on a CBT certificate is the display of L-plates (or 'L' plates). These red-bordered white plates must be clearly visible on both the front and rear of your motorcycle or moped. Their purpose is to alert other road users that you are a learner rider, implying you may be less experienced and potentially less predictable than a fully qualified rider.
L-plates are mandatory for all CBT riders.
Displaying L-Plates Correctly
It is essential to display L-plates correctly. They should be prominently placed and not obscured by mud, dirt, or other objects. Failure to display them correctly can result in a fine. The plates must be the standard size and design as specified by the DVSA (Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency).
Other Essential Requirements for CBT Riders
Beyond L-plates, several other conditions apply:
- No Passengers: As discussed, you cannot carry a pillion passenger unless you are on a sidecar outfit.
- No Motorway Riding: Riders on a CBT certificate are not permitted to ride on motorways. This restriction is in place due to the higher speeds and complexity of motorway environments, which are not suitable for learner riders.
- Insurance: You must have valid insurance for the motorcycle you are riding. Your insurance policy will likely be categorised as 'learner' insurance, which can sometimes be more expensive than standard policies. Ensure your insurer is aware you are riding on a CBT certificate.
- Motorcycle Road Tax (Vehicle Excise Duty): Like all vehicles used on public roads, your motorcycle or moped must have valid road tax. You can check the tax status of any vehicle online.
- Helmet and Protective Gear: While not exclusive to CBT riders, wearing a correctly fitting, approved helmet is a legal requirement for all motorcycle and moped riders. It is also strongly advisable to wear other protective clothing, such as armoured jackets, trousers, gloves, and sturdy footwear, to minimise the risk of injury in case of a fall.
When Do L-Plates Come Off?
L-plates can only be removed once you have passed your full motorcycle test and obtained an A1, A2, or A licence. Until you have that full licence, the L-plates must remain on your vehicle. The only exception is if you are riding a motorcycle combination with a sidecar, where L-plates may not be required if the vehicle is registered as such and meets specific criteria, but for standard two-wheelers, they are non-negotiable.
By adhering to these requirements, you ensure you are riding legally and safely, preparing yourself for further progression in your motorcycling journey.
Cost Considerations for CBT and First Bikes
Embarking on your motorcycling journey involves more than just understanding the rules; it also means considering the financial outlay. The cost of obtaining your CBT and purchasing your first motorcycle or moped can vary significantly, but it's generally considered a more affordable entry point into powered two-wheel transport compared to car ownership.
The cost of a CBT course itself is relatively fixed, although prices can differ slightly between training schools and regions. The expense of the first bike, however, is far more variable, influenced by whether you buy new or used, the type of vehicle, and its condition.
Factor in insurance and running costs alongside purchase price.
The Cost of Your CBT
A typical CBT course in the UK usually costs between £100 and £160. This price generally includes the instruction, use of a training motorcycle (often a 125cc), fuel, and the certificate itself. Some schools might offer slightly different packages or have higher prices in more expensive areas.
It's worth shopping around and reading reviews for local training centres. Ensure the price quoted includes everything you need, such as the bike hire and insurance for the training day. The course usually takes a full day, from around 9 am to 4 pm, and involves both theory and practical elements on a training ground and then on public roads.
Purchasing Your First Motorcycle or Moped
Once you have your CBT, you'll need a vehicle. The cost here can range dramatically:
- New 125cc Motorcycles/Scooters: Expect to pay anywhere from £3,000 to £5,000 or more for a brand-new learner-legal motorcycle or scooter from a major manufacturer.
- Used 125cc Motorcycles/Scooters: This is often the most economical route. Well-maintained used bikes can be found for as little as £1,000 to £2,500, depending on age, mileage, and condition. Be prepared to do some research and potentially have a mechanic inspect any used vehicle before purchase.
- Mopeds (50cc): These are generally cheaper than 125cc motorcycles, both new and used. New mopeds might start from around £1,500-£2,500, with used options available for under £1,000.
Ongoing Costs
Don't forget to budget for other essential running costs:
- Insurance: As a new rider, especially on a 125cc, insurance can be a significant expense. Expect to pay anywhere from £300 to over £1,000 annually, depending on your age, location, the bike model, and your riding history. It's crucial to get quotes early.
- Motorcycle Road Tax (VED): This varies by engine size and emissions but is generally much lower than for cars. For 125cc bikes, it can be around £20-£25 per year.
- Maintenance: Regular servicing, tyres, brakes, and other consumables will add to the cost. Budget for annual servicing and any wear-and-tear items.
- Fuel: 125cc motorcycles and mopeds are typically very fuel-efficient, making them an economical choice for commuting.
When budgeting, always aim to have a contingency fund for unexpected repairs or maintenance. Investing in good quality protective gear, which is not typically included in the CBT course cost, is also a crucial expense for safety.
Get insurance quotes BEFORE you buy a bike. Prices can vary wildly, and some bikes might be prohibitively expensive to insure for a new rider.
Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them
Starting out on two wheels after passing your CBT is an exciting time, but it's also a period where new riders can make mistakes that could be costly or even dangerous. Being aware of common pitfalls can help you navigate your early riding experiences more safely and effectively.
One of the most frequent issues new riders face is purchasing a motorcycle that is not actually legal to ride on their CBT certificate. This often stems from confusion over engine size versus power output, or simply not checking the specifications thoroughly. Always remember that while 125cc is the engine size limit, the 11kW (14.7 bhp) power output limit is the absolute restriction.
Always verify the bike's kW output.
Pitfalls to Watch Out For
- Riding a Bike That's Too Powerful: As mentioned, many 125cc bikes exceed 11kW. This could be a sporty model or one that has been modified. Riding such a bike invalidates your insurance and is illegal. Always check the bike's V5C logbook or manufacturer's specifications for its exact power output.
- Not Displaying L-Plates Correctly: Forgetting to put them on, or having them obscured, can lead to fines. They must be clearly visible front and rear.
- Carrying a Passenger: Even if your bike is learner-legal, carrying a pillion passenger without the appropriate full licence is illegal and voids your insurance.
- Riding on Motorways: CBT riders are prohibited from using motorways. Stick to A and B roads and other suitable routes.
- Buying Unsuitable Gear: Skimping on protective gear is a false economy. Invest in a good quality helmet, jacket, trousers, gloves, and boots. Look for CE-approved armour.
- Ignoring Maintenance: A poorly maintained bike is unsafe and more prone to breakdowns. Follow the manufacturer's service schedule.
- Buying the Wrong First Bike: Choosing a bike that is too heavy, too tall, or too aggressive for your current skill level can lead to a lack of confidence and increase the risk of an accident. Start with something manageable.
- Not Budgeting for All Costs: Underestimating the total cost, including insurance, tax, maintenance, and fuel, can lead to financial strain.
Advice for New Riders
To avoid these pitfalls, follow these tips:
- Research Thoroughly: Before buying a bike, understand its exact specifications and legal status for CBT riders.
- Get Professional Advice: Talk to experienced riders, instructors, and dealers. Consider getting a mechanic to inspect any used bike.
- Prioritise Safety Gear: Your safety is paramount. Don't compromise on protective clothing.
- Be Patient with Progression: Don't rush to get a bigger bike. Gain experience on a 125cc, and consider the A1, A2, or A tests when you feel ready and meet the age requirements.
- Know the Law: Familiarise yourself with the regulations surrounding CBT certificates, L-plates, and licence categories.
By being informed and cautious, you can ensure your initial motorcycling experiences are safe, legal, and enjoyable, setting a solid foundation for your future on two wheels.